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As an alternative to the stimulation hypothesis, internet researchers and theorists have expressed concerns about the potential for smartphones to influence society negatively by facilitating engagement in problematic behaviors (Kuss, 2017). Valkenburg and Peter (2007) referred to this as a displacement hypothesis, whereby the internet displaces offline social and identity benefits.

, individuals can become preoccupied with updating and maintaining social media profiles, developing a greater reliance on the weak ties formed online and reducing time spent interacting offline with friends and netherlands phone numbers family (Caplan & High, 2006; Kraut et al., 1998; J.-H. Kwon, 2012). More recent evidence shows that monitoring other social media users’ updates can cause anxiety and an experience referred to as the “fear of missing out” (Przybylski et al., 2013).

Similarly, there has been increasing attention to the phenomenon of “nomophobia,” or the discomfort and anxiety in the absence of a smartphone (Han et al., 2017). The fear of missing out and nomophobia are believed to be reinforced by the constant on-the-go access of smartphone technology and the prolif